Istanbul, historically known as Byzantium and later as Constantinople, is a city layered with history. As the heart of the Byzantine Empire, it was a nexus of culture, art, and religion for over a millennium. Today, the remnants of this great empire are scattered across the city, offering visitors a chance to step back in time and experience the architectural and cultural splendor of the Byzantines. Here’s your guide to the must-visit ancient Byzantine sites in Istanbul.
- Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya)
- Chora Church (Kariye Mosque)
- The Walls of Constantinople
- Basilica Cistern (Yerebatan Sarnıcı)
- Hippodrome of Constantinople (Sultanahmet Square)
- The Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus (Little Hagia Sophia)
- The Great Palace Mosaic Museum
- Monastery of Stoudios (İmrahor Ilyas Bey Mosque)
- Tips for Exploring Byzantine Istanbul
1. Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya)
Hagia Sophia, one of the most iconic buildings in the world, stands as a testament to Byzantine architecture and ingenuity. Originally built in 537 AD by Emperor Justinian I, it served as the world’s largest cathedral for nearly 1,000 years before being converted into a mosque and, more recently, a museum and then back to a mosque.
Key Highlights:
• Architectural Marvel: The vast dome, mosaics of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary, and intricate Byzantine mosaics.
• Cultural Significance: It epitomizes the religious and political influence of the Byzantine Empire.
• Visiting Tips: Arrive early to avoid long queues and take your time admiring the stunning mosaics and frescoes.
You can check my program to find out the story.
2. Chora Church (Kariye Mosque)
Originally built as the Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora, this site is a hidden gem that boasts some of the most exquisite Byzantine mosaics and frescoes. Dating back to the 4th century, the church was rebuilt and restored multiple times, with its most famous mosaics added in the 14th century.
What to See:
• Mosaics and Frescoes: Depicting scenes from the New Testament, these artworks are revered for their detail and vivid colors.
• Architecture: The building’s unique structure blends early Christian and Byzantine elements.
• Fun Fact: The Chora Church is known for its depiction of the Anastasis fresco, which portrays Christ’s descent into Hell.
• Pro Tip: Located in the Edirnekapı neighborhood, the church is a bit off the beaten path but well worth the visit for history enthusiasts.
3. The Walls of Constantinople
The Walls of Constantinople, built during the reign of Emperor Theodosius II in the 5th century, protected the city from numerous invasions and sieges for centuries. These formidable fortifications played a crucial role in keeping the Byzantine Empire safe until the Ottoman conquest in 1453.
Key Features:
• Imposing Towers and Gates: The Golden Gate, Yedikule Fortress, and the gates of Topkapı are notable segments of the wall.
• Historical Impact: The walls were breached by the Ottomans using cannon fire during the famous siege led by Sultan Mehmed II.
• Visiting Tip: Walk along sections of the wall for a unique perspective of the city’s historical defensive structures.
4. Basilica Cistern (Yerebatan Sarnıcı)
The Basilica Cistern is an underground marvel constructed in the 6th century during the reign of Emperor Justinian I. This subterranean structure was used to supply water to the Great Palace of Constantinople and nearby buildings.
Why It’s Famous:
• Columns: The cistern features 336 marble columns, many repurposed from older structures, giving it a haunting and majestic appearance.
• Medusa Heads: Two column bases feature upside-down and sideways Medusa heads, adding an element of mystery and myth.
• Travel Tip: Visit the Basilica Cistern in the evening when its atmospheric lighting enhances the ethereal experience.
Also check my program here to Cistern.
You can also combine Hagia Sophia & Basilica Cistern from here.
5. Hippodrome of Constantinople (Sultanahmet Square)
The Hippodrome was the center of public life in Byzantine Constantinople, where chariot races, political gatherings, and celebrations took place. While much of the original structure no longer exists, key remnants give a glimpse into its former grandeur.
Remnants to See:
• The Obelisk of Theodosius: An ancient Egyptian obelisk brought to Constantinople by Emperor Theodosius I.
• Serpent Column: Originally from the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, it was brought to the city to commemorate a Greek victory.
• Walled Obelisk: A stone monument that once stood at the center of the chariot race track.
• Local Insight: The area is now called Sultanahmet Square and is a bustling area surrounded by other famous landmarks, making it a perfect spot to start your Byzantine journey.
6. The Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus (Little Hagia Sophia)
Often referred to as the Little Hagia Sophia, this church was built in the 6th century by Justinian I and served as a model for the construction of the Hagia Sophia. Today, it functions as a mosque but still retains much of its original Byzantine charm.
What to Appreciate:
• Architectural Design: The central dome and layout resemble that of Hagia Sophia but on a smaller scale.
• Historical Significance: St. Sergius and Bacchus were revered military saints, and the church holds historical importance for its dedication to them.
• Tip: It’s less crowded than its larger counterpart, offering a more tranquil experience.
7. The Great Palace Mosaic Museum
Located near the Hagia Sophia, this museum showcases the floor mosaics of the Great Palace of Constantinople, which date back to the early Byzantine period. The mosaics are notable for their intricate designs and depictions of scenes from daily life, mythological creatures, and nature.
Must-See Details:
• Intricate Designs: Look for mosaics featuring hunting scenes, animals, and pastoral life, highlighting the artistry of the Byzantine era.
• Historical Context: These mosaics once adorned the grand halls of the emperors, providing a glimpse into their opulent lifestyle.
• Museum Insight: It’s often overlooked by tourists, making it a peaceful spot for those deeply interested in Byzantine art.
8. Monastery of Stoudios (İmrahor Ilyas Bey Mosque)
Originally the Monastery of Stoudios, this site was one of the most important religious centers of Byzantine Constantinople. Founded in the 5th century, it was known for its religious influence and housed the Stoudios Monks, who played a significant role in the development of Christian liturgy and hymns.
• Current State: Though partially in ruins and undergoing restoration, its historical importance remains significant.
• Historical Highlight: It was the model for monastic life in the Orthodox Christian world.
9. Tips for Exploring Byzantine Istanbul
• Plan Ahead: Some sites, such as the Chora Church, is recently turned back from its renovations, so check their status before visiting.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour to gain deeper insights into the historical and architectural significance of these sites.
• Wear Comfortable Shoes: Many Byzantine sites involve walking and exploring uneven terrain, so sturdy footwear is recommended.
• Visit Early: Popular sites like Hagia Sophia and the Basilica Cistern can get crowded. Arriving early helps you enjoy a more peaceful visit.
As a local tour guide and historian, I am ready to share my stories, tips and more. So the most important tip is to let me know you are here 🙂
Conclusion
Exploring the ancient Byzantine sites of Istanbul is like stepping into a different era where every stone tells a story. From the grandeur of Hagia Sophia to the hidden beauty of Chora Church, these landmarks provide a rich narrative of the city’s imperial past and showcase the legacy of an empire that shaped not only Istanbul but the course of world history. Whether you’re a history aficionado or a curious traveler, these sites will leave you in awe of the Byzantine Empire’s enduring influence.